New_Urbanism Biophilic design is a concept used within the building industry to increase occupant connectivity to the natural environment through the use of direct nature, indirect nature, and space and place conditions. Used at both the building and city-scale, it is argued that this idea has health, environmental, and economic benefits for building occupants and urban environments, with few drawbacks. The term “biophilia” was coined by the biologist E. O. Wilson in 1984. It refers to the innate human affinity for nature. Biophilic design is an approach to architecture that seeks to satisfy this affinity by incorporating natural elements into buildings.

Understanding Biophilic Design
Biophilic design is not merely a trend; it is a fundamental shift in the way we conceive and create spaces. The term “biophilic” is derived from the Greek words “bios,” meaning life, and “philos,” meaning love. Biophilic design, then, is the love of life expressed through the design of our living and working spaces. The underlying philosophy is that by incorporating elements of nature into our built environment, we enhance well-being, productivity, and overall quality of life.

Principles of Biophilic Design
The four key principals of biophilic design are Nature in the Space, Natural Light and Views, Biomorphic Forms and Patterns and the Presence of Water.
• Nature in the Space: The most fundamental principle of biophilic design involves bringing nature into the built environment. This can be achieved through the use of natural materials, such as wood and stone, as well as the incorporation of plants and water features. The goal is to create a seamless transition between the indoor and outdoor spaces, blurring the boundaries and fostering a sense of connection with the natural world.
• Natural Light and Views: Access to natural light and views of nature are essential components of biophilic design. Large windows, skylights, and strategically placed openings allow daylight to flood interior spaces, reducing the reliance on artificial lighting. Additionally, providing views of greenery or natural landscapes helps to reduce stress, increase cognitive function, and improve overall mood.
• Biomorphic Forms and Patterns: Biomorphic design involves the use of shapes and patterns that mimic natural forms, such as curves, waves, and fractals. These elements have a calming effect on occupants and contribute to a sense of visual comfort. Incorporating biomorphic forms in furniture, wall coverings, and architectural details helps create a more harmonious and nature-inspired environment.
• Presence of Water: Water is a powerful element in biophilic design, symbolizing life, tranquility, and renewal. Interior water features, such as fountains or aquariums, can contribute to a calming atmosphere. Additionally, the sound of flowing water has been shown to reduce stress and enhance the overall sensory experience of a space.

Benefits of Biophilic Design
Benefits accruing to this pattern of building design include enhanced well-being, increased productivity, and enhanced sustainability in the built environment.
• Enhanced Well-being: Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of biophilic design on human health and well-being. Exposure to nature has been linked to lower stress levels, reduced blood pressure, and improved mental health. By integrating natural elements into the built environment, biophilic design creates spaces that contribute to a healthier and more balanced lifestyle.
• Increased Productivity: Biophilic design has been shown to enhance cognitive function and productivity. Workplaces that incorporate natural light, views of nature, and greenery report higher employee satisfaction and increased focus. The connection with nature fosters a sense of rejuvenation, reducing fatigue and improving overall job performance.
• Sustainable Design Practices: Biophilic design aligns with the principles of sustainability by promoting the use of natural materials, energy efficiency, and a more responsible approach to construction. The emphasis on creating enduring, timeless designs that integrate seamlessly with the natural environment contributes to the overall sustainability of the built environment.

Applications of Biophilic Design
Biophilic design principles have found to be of greatest benefit in the realms of residential, commercial, healthcare, and educational buildings and facilities.
• Residential Architecture: Biophilic design has found a natural home in residential architecture. Homeowners are increasingly seeking ways to incorporate nature into their living spaces, whether through the use of organic materials, large windows that frame scenic views, or interior gardens. Biophilic design principles are applied not only for aesthetic reasons but also to promote a sense of calm and well-being within the home.
Commercial Spaces: The impact of biophilic design is perhaps most evident in commercial spaces. Offices, retail stores, and hospitality venues are adopting biophilic principles to create environments that appeal to both customers and employees. Green walls, natural light, and open spaces with views of nature are becoming common features in modern office design, fostering a positive and collaborative work culture.
• Healthcare Facilities: Biophilic design is making significant inroads in healthcare settings. Hospitals and clinics are incorporating natural elements to create healing environments that support the well-being of patients and healthcare professionals. Gardens, artwork inspired by nature, and the use of natural light contribute to a more comfortable and calming healthcare experience.
• Educational Institutions: Schools and universities are recognizing the importance of biophilic design in creating optimal learning environments. Classroom designs that incorporate natural light, outdoor learning spaces, and greenery contribute to improved focus and academic performance among students. The integration of biophilic elements in educational settings aligns with the growing awareness of the impact of the built environment on student well-being.

Challenges and Future Directions
While biophilic design has gained widespread recognition, challenges persist in fully integrating these principles into mainstream architecture and design. One challenge is the misconception that biophilic design is only applicable to certain building types or that it requires significant additional costs. Education and awareness within the design and construction industries are crucial to dispel these myths and promote the widespread adoption of biophilic principles. As we look to the future, the evolution of biophilic design will likely involve advancements in technology, allowing for more innovative ways to bring nature into our spaces. Virtual reality, for example, could offer immersive experiences that simulate natural environments, providing the benefits of biophilia in settings where direct access to nature is limited.

Conclusion
Biophilic design represents a paradigm shift in how we conceive and interact with the spaces we inhabit. By recognizing and embracing our innate connection to nature, designers and architects have the power to create environments that enhance well-being, productivity, and overall quality of life. As biophilic design continues to gain momentum, it is not just a trend but a fundamental aspect of sustainable and human-centric design that has the potential to shape the future of our built environment.

For Further Reading
• World Green Building Council, “Health, Well-being, and Productivity in Offices: The Next Chapter for Green Building”: https://worldgbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/compressed_WorldGBC_Health_Wellbeing__Productivity_Full_Report_Dbl_Med_Res_Feb_2015-1.pdf
• Joye, Y., & Van den Berg, A. E., “Is Love for Green in our Genes? A Critical Analysis of Evolutionary Arguments for Biophilia”. Behavioral Sciences, which can be found at, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251700145_Is_love_for_green_in_our_genes_A_critical_analysis_of_evolutionary_assumptions_in_restorative_environments_research
• Kellert, S. R., Heerwagen, J., & Mador, M. (2008). Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269861461_Biophilic_Design_the_Theory_Science_and_Practice_of_Bringing_Buildings_to_Life